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Pesticides

The term “pesticides” includes herbicides, insecticides and fungicides.

The biotechnology industry promised that genetically modified (GM, also called genetically engineered) crops would reduce the use of pesticides in farming. Instead, herbicide use has increased with the use of GM crops. CBAN’s research found that herbicide sales in Canada have increased by 243% since GM crops have been introduced.

100% of the GM crops grown in Canada are herbicide-tolerant.

CBAN Factsheet: Genetically engineered crops have increased herbicide use, May 2024

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Updates >
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Herbicide Sales Increased 243% (1994-2022)

Data from the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the UN (FAO) and subsequent Health Canada data shows that herbicide sales in Canada increased by 243% between 1994 and 2022 (latest data available as of November 2024). The first genetically engineered herbicide-tolerant crops were introduced in 1995.

Updates

 

February 2025: A study from researchers at the University of Nebraska Medical Center highlights that exposure to a mixture of agrichemicals might cause childhood cancer. Researchers observed a statistically significant positive association between the 32 agrichemicals and overall pediatric cancer and subtypes. Dicamba, glyphosate, paraquat, quizalofop, triasulfuron, and tefluthrin largely contributed to the joint association. This is the first study to estimate the combined effects of multiple pesticides on all 11 types of pediatric cancers over 22 years. 

January 2025: A new, large study in the United States has found that infants in areas where glyphosate use was common were born slightly earlier and underweight: “Our results suggest the introduction of GM seeds and glyphosate significantly reduced average birthweight and gestational length.” The study finds that infant birthweight dropped in US counties where more GM crops are grown and sprayed with glyphosate. By 2005, babies born in counties dominated by GM corn, soy, and cotton weighed on average about 30 grams less than those born in rural counties that mostly grow other kinds of crops on which glyphosate is not used. Babies were also born 1.5 days sooner in places where glyphosate was commonly sprayed. Low birthweight is an important predictor of health problems and the authors write that birthweight provides “a canary-in-a-coalmine-like indicator of glyphosate toxicity.” Read about the study in Science magazine: Common weed killer may be harming infants

January 2025: Environmental and health groups are challenging the Canadian government’s renewal of glyphosate in court. The groups say the Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) of Health Canada failed to conduct a rigorous, up-to-date scientific assessment of glyphosate before allowing the renewal of the glyphosate-based herbicide called “Mad Dog Plus”, which is used in both agriculture and forestry. New science on the harms of glyphosate has emerged since Health Canada last re-evaluated the health and environmental risks of glyphosate in 2017. The court case is being brought by Friends of the Earth Canada, Safe Food Matters, the David Suzuki Foundation, and Environmental Defence Canada, represented by Ecojustice lawyers. Arguments were heard in the Federal Court on January 22 and a decision is expected a few months.

April 2024: On April 1, 2024, Mexico has delayed its 2020 commitment to ban the toxic herbicide glyphosate (the active ingredient in Bayer’s Roundup in the USA and Faena in Mexico) by 2024. Mexico’s 2020 decree calls for a phase-out of use of both the herbicide glyphosate and genetically modified (GM or genetically engineered) corn for human consumption in Mexico. Click here for information and the unofficial translation from the US government.“…with the objective of achieving self-sufficiency and food sovereignty, our country must be oriented towards establishing a sustainable and culturally adequate agricultural production, through the use of agroecological practices and inputs that are safe for human health, the country’s biocultural diversity and the environment, as well as congruent with the agricultural traditions of Mexico.” For updates check www.cban.ca/trade

September 2022: Report from GeneWatch UK, Time for the end of GM/GE herbicide tolerant crops? : “We conclude that the cultivation of GM HT crops may be regarded as a temporary aberration, rather than the revolution originally proclaimed by the proponents of these crops. The growing failure of RoundUp Ready crops, due to the spread of glyphosate resistant (GR) weeds, provides an opportunity to phase out the use of RR crops and adopt new methods and technologies. The priority should be to reduce and replace the use of herbicides: not to replace RR crops with other herbicide–tolerant crops, whether or not these are GM crops or produced by different methods. It is particularly important that RR crops are not pushed into new countries which have so far avoided stepping onto the “transgenic treadmill”, in which farmers are locked in to paying for ever more expensive seeds and herbicides. In seeking to expand markets for RR crops into new countries, the industry is dumping a failed technology on them.” Read the full report or download the summary of the report.

April 2022: Canada’s Ministers of Health, Environment and Climate Change, and Agriculture and Agri-Food have launched a “transformation” of the Pesticide Management Regulatory Agency. The transformation will be built on 4 pillars of action: improved transparency; increased use of real-world data and independent advice; strengthened human health and environmental protection through modernized pesticide business processes; and targeted review of the Pest Control Products Act.

 

Call to Re-think Genetically Engineered Herbicide-Tolerant Crops

August 2019: The Canadian Biotechnology Action Network (CBAN) and Prevent Cancer Now (PCN) are calling for a review of the use of genetically engineered (genetically modified or GM) herbicide-tolerant crops in Canada, in response to Monsanto’s request for government approval of GM corn MON 87429 that can withstand applications of four herbicides, including 2,4-D and dicamba.

 

Glyphosate is a “probable human carcinogen”

In 2015, the International Agency for Cancer Research (IARC) of the World Health Organization (WHO) concluded that:

  • Glyphosate, the world’s most-used chemical ingredient for weed control, is a “probable human carcinogen” (March 2015)
  • 2,4-D, the second most-used herbicide in Canada, is a “possible human carcinogen” (June 2015)

 

Other Updates

Background

The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) reports that 21.9 million kilograms of herbicides were sold in Canada in 1994. Health Canada’s annual reports show that this number has steadily increased since then, and by 2017, had increased by 243%.

Glyphosate is the top pesticide ingredient sold in Canada. It is also the top agricultural herbicide ingredient, followed by glufosinate ammonium, MCPA and 2,4-D. Glyphosate use in Canada tripled between 2005 and 2011, climbing from 30.2 million litres to 89.7 million in Western Canada, and from 3.8 million litres to 12.3 million in Eastern Canada.

The widespread cultivation of GM glyphosate-tolerant crops, in particular, has driven up the use of glyphosate-based herbicides. Globally, glyphosate use has increased 15-fold since GM herbicide-tolerant crops were introduced, and 56% of glyphosate use is on herbicide-tolerant crops.

This increased use of glyphosate has resulted in the emergence and spread of glyphosate-resistant weeds. In response, biotechnology companies have genetically engineered crops to be tolerant to the older herbicides 2,4-D and dicamba. These GM crops will further increase the herbicide load in the environment and lead to even more herbicide-resistant weeds.

GM insect-resistant (Bt) crops have reduced insecticide use in some countries. The Canadian government has not monitored the impact of Bt crops on insecticide use in Canada. However, insects are beginning to develop resistance to Bt crops in the US and other countries, and farmers are turning to other insecticide applications to control them. Additionally, Bt plants themselves produce insecticidal toxins that are released into the environment.

The use of herbicides with herbicide-tolerant crops reduces weed diversity in and around fields, which in turn reduces habitat and food for other important species, including the Monarch butterfly (see below). Studies have also observed that GM insect-resistant crops can also have negative impacts on non-target insects, including pollinators, and soil and water organisms.

 

From Pesticides and Our Health, Greenpeace, 2015:

Synthetic pesticides have been widely used in industrial agriculture throughout the world since the 1950s. Over time, many of these chemicals have become extremely pervasive in our environment as a result of their widespread repeated use and, in some cases, their environmental persistence. Some take an extremely long time to degrade, such that even those banned decades ago, including DDT and its secondary products, are routinely found in the environment today.

As a consequence of this persistence, and potential hazards to wildlife, effect-related research on the impact of pesticides has increased exponentially over the past 30 years. It is now clear that these effects are wide and varied. Over the same period, scientific understanding of the effects of pesticides on human health and their mechanisms of action has also expanded rapidly, with studies revealing statistical associations between pesticide exposure and enhanced risks of developmental impairments, neurological and immune disorders and some cancers.

Nevertheless, proving definitively that exposure to a particular pesticide causes a disease or other condition in humans presents a considerable challenge. There are no groups in the human population that are completely unexposed to pesticides, and most diseases are multi-causal giving considerable complexity to public health assessments. Furthermore, most people are exposed to complex and ever changing mixtures of chemicals, not just pesticides, in their daily lives, through multiple routes of exposure. Pesticides contribute further to this toxic burden.

Glyphosate

Glyphosate is the top pesticide ingredient sold in Canada. It is also the top agricultural herbicide ingredient, followed by glufosinate ammonium, MCPA and 2,4-D. Glyphosate use in Canada tripled between 2005 and 2011, climbing from 30.2 million litres to 89.7 million in Western Canada, and from 3.8 million litres to 12.3 million in Eastern Canada.

The widespread cultivation of GM glyphosate-tolerant crops, in particular, has driven up the use of glyphosate-based herbicides. Globally, glyphosate use has increased 15-fold since GM herbicide-tolerant crops were introduced, and 56% of glyphosate use is on herbicide-tolerant crops.

This increased use of glyphosate has resulted in the emergence and spread of glyphosate-resistant weeds. In response, biotechnology companies have genetically engineered crops to be tolerant to the older herbicides 2,4-D and dicamba. These GM crops will further increase the herbicide load in the environment and lead to even more herbicide-resistant weeds.

In 2015, the International Agency for Cancer Research (IARC) of the World Health Organization (WHO) concluded that glyphosate is a “probable human carcinogen”.

National Observer, May 16, 2024: ‘To say nothing is not public service’: former Agriculture Canada official raised red flags on pesticide. A former official in Canada’s agriculture ministry, David Cox, accused the federal pesticide regulator of failing to assess the health risks posed by the controversial herbicide glyphosate months before leaving the ministry: “For your sakes, please take this seriously if you haven’t yet. Never been clear to me if these [concerns] are dismissed because of the policy paradigm driving the biotechnology agenda … or that I am seen as an organic arguer defaming [glyphosate]. I am just revealing context based on evidence I get from various sources.”

Glyphosate use and the Monarch butterfly

 

“Milkweed decline is strongly correlated to with the use of herbicide-resistant crops.” 

– COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Monarch (Danaus plexippus) in Canada, 2016

December 2024: The US Fish and Wildlife Service is proposing to list the Monarch butterfly as endangered and says “Threats to monarchs include loss and degradation of breeding, migratory and overwintering habitat; exposure to insecticides; and the effects of climate change.”

As of December 2023, the Monarch butterfly is classified as an endangered species in Canada. In the species registry, the Government of Canada summarizes the threats including: “The increased use of herbicides and subsequent decline in milkweeds is a significant threat facing Monarchs throughout their North American range. Increased herbicide use may also cause declines in nectar supplies needed by migrating Monarchs and reduce overwinter survival. Neonicotinoid pesticides are an emerging threat, the magnitude of which is poorly understood.” The government conducted an assessment of the economic impacts of classifying the butterfly as endangered.

 

Court Cases

 

January 2025: Environmental and health groups are challenging the Canadian government’s renewal of glyphosate in court. The groups say the Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) of Health Canada failed to conduct a rigorous, up-to-date scientific assessment of glyphosate before allowing the renewal of the glyphosate-based herbicide called “Mad Dog Plus”, which is used in both agriculture and forestry. New science on the harms of glyphosate has emerged since Health Canada last re-evaluated the health and environmental risks of glyphosate in 2017. The court case is being brought by Friends of the Earth Canada, Safe Food Matters, the David Suzuki Foundation, and Environmental Defence Canada, represented by Ecojustice lawyers. Arguments were heard in the Federal Court on January 22 and a decision is expected a few months.

Three court cases in the US have found Monsanto liable for the cancer risk of its glyphosate-based herbicides. Court documents show:

  • Monsanto never conducted epidemiology studies to evaluate the cancer risks for users of Roundup and its other glyphosate-based herbicide formulations.
  • Monsanto was aware that the surfactants in Roundup were much more toxic than glyphosate alone.
  • Monsanto financing ghostwritten studies and articles aimed at discrediting independent scientists whose work found dangers with Monsanto’s herbicides.
  • When the US Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry sought to evaluate glyphosate toxicity in 2015, Monsanto engaged the assistance of EPA officials to delay the review.
  • Monsanto enjoyed a close relationship with certain officials within the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), who have repeatedly backed Monsanto’s assertions about the safety of its glyphosate products.
  • The company internally had worker safety recommendations that called for wearing a full range of protective gear when applying glyphosate herbicides, but did not warn the public to do the same.

For details and updates, follow the Monsanto Roundup Trial Tracker from U.S. RIght to Know

 

Canada: Farmer Launches Class Action

May 2019: A Saskatchewan farmer in his late 50s who is diagnosed with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is leading a class action lawsuit against Bayer and Monsanto, contending that exposure to Roundup herbicide contributed to his cancer and that of others, and that Monsanto (now Bayer) withheld information about the safety of its herbicide. “Sask. farmer leads class action glyphosate lawsuit“, The Western Producer, May 15, 2019

 

Court Case: Pilliod v. Monsanto

May 2019: A California jury ordered Monsanto to pay just over $2 billion in punitive and compensatory damages to a married couple who both developed non-Hodgkin lymphoma they say was caused by their many years of using Roundup products. The ruling includes punitive damages, which means the jury found that Monsanto “engaged in conduct with malice, oppression or fraud committed by one or more officers, directors or managing agents of Monsanto”  who were acting on behalf of the company.

 

Court Case: Dewayne Johnson v. Monsanto Company

“This case is way bigger than me. I hope it gets the attention that it needs.”
– Dewayne Johnson, former school groundskeeper awarded $78 million from Monsanto

November 2018: A judge has cut the $289 award to Dewayne “Lee” Johnson down to $78 million. However, the judge did not overturn the decision (see below) as she indicated she might, after jurors in the initial case wrote to defend their ruling and process.

August 2018: A California jury reached a verdict in a personal liability lawsuit against Monsanto, in the case of Dewayne Johnson, finding that Monsanto’s glyphosate product, Roundup, caused a school groundskeeper’s terminal non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The jury not only found that Roundup caused the plaintiff’s cancer, awarding him $39.3 million in pain and suffering and economic damages, but also that Monsanto acted “with malice or oppression” and awarded an additional $250 million in punitive damages. Read the article in The Guardian “One Man’s Suffering Exposed Monsanto’s Secrets to the World” by Carey Gillam.

 

Resources

 

Pesticides and GM Crops

 

Pesticides and Pollinators

A 2020 study from the US found that milkweed plants, which are the main source of food for Monarch butterflies, were contaminated with 64 types of pesticide residues. Monarch butterfly populations have shrunk to 1% of their numbers in the last 3 decades. “We expected to find some pesticides in these plants, but we were rather surprised by the depth and extent of the contamination,” said Matt Forister, a butterfly expert, biology professor at the University of Nevada, Reno and co-author of the paper. “From roadsides, from yards, from wildlife refuges, even from plants bought at stores – doesn’t matter from where – it’s all loaded with chemicals. We have previously suggested that pesticides are involved in the decline of low elevation butterflies in California, but the ubiquity and diversity of pesticides we found in these milkweeds was a surprise.”

In 2015, a report from the Center for Food Safety found that spraying of glyphosate on genetically engineered crops in the US had greatly reduced milkweed populations in and near farm fields. The loss of this vital habitat and food source had, in turn, decimated the population of the Monarch butterfly.

Pollinators are also affected by other pesticides, such as neonicotinoids. A 2015 factsheet, the Hidden Costs of Toxic Seed Coatings: Insecticide Use on the Rise, describes studies that found that a group of insecticides called neonicotinoids (abbreviated as “neonics”) are likely to be an important cause of declining pollinator populations and poor pollinator health. Neonics are the most widely used insecticides in the world, and have been repeatedly shown to have lethal and sub-lethal effects on beneficial insects.

 

Pesticide Toxicity

 

Other Resources

Synthetic pesticides are not permitted for use in organic food production. Here is more information on the organic standard in Canada.

Organizations with up-to-date information on pesticide toxicity and related issues:

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Canadian Biotechnology Action Network
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